Weed Technol. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1 after 17 days of herbicide application. 2015;166(2):171-182. Afr J Biotechnol. Shehzad MA, Maqsood M, Anwar-ul-Haq M, Niaz A. Efficacy of various herbicides against weeds in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). ha-1 with both adjuvants (Ad-500 and Bio-enhancer) each at 400 mL ha-1 was more effective in reducing photosynthetic parameters of weeds than all other herbicide treatments and caused maximum reduction in photosynthetic parameters of weeds. ha-1, isoproturon at 140 g a.i. Keywords:fresh and dry weight; gas exchange traits; growth and yield; herbicide doses; Triticum aestivum L.; weed control. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 gave plant heights of 13.5, 2.5, 22.5 and 11.25 cm in M. indica, A. arvensis, P. minor and F. indica respectively which was minimum among all treatments. No entanto, a dose ideal e a combinao adequada de herbicidas com adjuvantes desempenham papel vital no controle de plantas daninhas em um nvel aceitvel e produzem o rendimento mximo da cultura. Effects of adjuvants, halosulfuron, and grass herbicides on Cucurbita spp. (2012Shehzad MA, Maqsood M, Anwar-ul-Haq M, Niaz A. Efficacy of various herbicides against weeds in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Efficacy of isoproturon with and without adjuvants on height of all four weeds (M. indica, A. arvensis, P. minor and F. indica) was found significantly different (Table 5). Gugaa M, Zarzecka K, Zadrozniak B. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, T7 = Isoproturon at 105 g a.i. Among all treatments, maximum stomatal conductance (2287 mol m-2 s-1) was recorded in weedy check. In comparison among days of herbicide application, lowest photosynthesis rate of all four weeds was observed after 17 days of herbicide application. Biu Inst Hod Aklimat Ros. 2009;15:199-208.) ha-1 + biopotenciador a 400 mL ha-1, devido supresso mxima de plantas daninhas. 2015;166(2):171-182.). Wheat is among the most widely planted crops in the world. ha-1 + Bio-enhance at 400 mL ha-1 after 17 days of herbicidal spray followed by 10 and 3 days after herbicidal spray with the same treatment. ha-1) with Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1. An integration of tillage method, planting time, varietal selection, crop rotation, timing and method of herbicide application, optimum dose, and sanitation practices is crucial in managing herbicide-resistant littleseed canarygrass. Performance of different herbicides in wheat under irrigated conditions of southern Punjab, Pakistan. Whereas, in case of P. minor minimum number of weeds (1.5) were recorded with isoproturon at 105 g a.i. In M. indica, after 3, 10 and 17 days of herbicidal treatments, lowest stomatal conductance were observed with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ha-1 sprayed alone and with both adjuvants (Ad-500 or Bio-enhancer) each at 400 mL ha-1. Spike length was significantly affected by exogenous application of isoproturon with and without adjuvants. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 produced minimum fresh weight of 37.5 g, 16.5 g and 16.5 g in M. indica, A. arvensis and F. indica, respectively. Indian J Agron. J Agric Sci. There was significant effect of isoproturon with and without adjuvants on number of grains/spike of wheat (Table 1). In: Strigib JC, Kudsk P, editors. An effect of adjuvants on potato yielding and limiting weed infestation in potato stands. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. Efficacy of various pre and post-emergence herbicides to control weeds in wheat. ha-1 with both adjuvants each at 400mL ha-1, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. 2010;24:147-52.). ha-1 with combination of either adjuvant (Ad-500 or Bio-enhancer) at 400 mL ha-1. According to Shehzad et al. Weed Technol. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. ha-1 with both adjuvants (Bio-enhancer and Ad-500 each at 400 mL ha-1) significantly increased 1000-grains weight than weedy check. However, a higher dose of isoproturon causes adverse effects on wheat productivity (Singh et al., 1998Singh S, Kirkwood RC, Marshall G. Effect of ABT on the activity and rate of degradation of isoproturon in susceptible and resistant biotypes of Phalaris minor and in wheat. Entre todos os tratamentos, isoproturon a 175 g i.a. The plot size was 1.5 m 3.5 m having row to row spacing 25 cm. option. ha-1 + Bio-enhance at 400 mL ha-1 after 17 days of herbicidal spray. J ASTM Int. p.99-116. 1998;53:123-132. Crop Prot. (2006Singh R, Dhiman SEN, Rana NS, Kumar S. Efficacy of dicamba alone and in combination with isoproturon on wheat (Triticum aestivum) and associated weeds. Effect of herbicides and wheat population on control of weeds in wheat. ha-1 + biopotenciador a 400 mL ha-1 pode ser uma abordagem rentvel para obter o melhor rendimento de trigo, juntamente com a supresso mxima das plantas daninhas. Fragmenta Agron. Conclui-se que o isoproturon a 175 g i.a. However, minimum number of A. arvensis (7.5) weeds was recorded with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Indian J Agron. 2011;51(1):478-88. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1993. p.99-116. It secures top position in terms of area and production in Pakistan as compared to other cereals (Guarda et al., 2004Guarda G, Padovan S, Delogu G. Grain yield, nitrogen-use efficiency and baking quality of old and modern Italian bread-wheat cultivars grown at different nitrogen levels. 2006;51(2):139-41.) also revealed that herbicides significantly improved harvest index over weedy check. However, lowest transpiration rate (5.07 mol m-2 s-1) was observed with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Eur J Agron. Resistance in this species to photosystem Il-inhibiting herbicide isoproturon was first recorded in 1992, and has since spread to several Indian states covering more than a million ha. ha-1 resulted in highest plant height in all tested weeds after weedy check compared to all other treatments (Table 5). Whereas, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Whereas, highest stomatal conductance was recoded in weedy check after 17 days of herbicide spray in all four weeds. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. The influence of post emergence weed harrowing on selectivity, crop recovery and crop yield in different growth stages of winter wheat. Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Moreover, the herbicide at reduced dose with adjuvants was not much effective in terms of weed control or increased yield. The isoproturon-resistance mechanism is metabolic degradation, mediated by P-450 monooxygenase enzymes. Means sharing the same letter in a column did not differ with each other at 5% (0.05) probability level. Data regarding number of weeds per plot was collected two times, first at 21 days after sowing and second at maturity. 2007 Cambridge University Press Eur J Agron. According to Harbour et al. 2011;48:185-90. Isoproturon at 105 g a.i. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, T7 = Isoproturon at 105 g a.i. In case of wheat, highest productive tillers, plant height, 1000-grain weight, biological and grain yield were achieved with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Weed Technology publishes original research and scholarship focused on understanding "how" weeds are managed. Highest productive tillers (375.2) and lowest non-productive tillers (18.5) of wheat were observed with the application of isoproturon at 175 g a.i. A field experiment was conducted during winter season, 2013-2014 at the Agronomic Research Area, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha (31.41o, Latitude N, 74.17o, E Longitude and Altitude 194.4 m). Um estudo de campo foi conduzido para investigar o efeito de ps-emergncia do herbicida isoproturon sozinho ou com combinao de adjuvantes no trigo de inverno e suas plantas daninhas relevantes. ha-1 and isoproturon at 175 g a.i. 2003;51:430-4. In conclusion, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. ha-1, T5 = Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Request Permissions, Read Online (Free) relies on page scans, which are not currently available to screen readers. Formulation and adjuvants. Palavras-chave:caractersticas de troca de gs; crescimento e rendimento; controle de ervas daninhas; peso fresco e seco; doses de herbicidas; Triticum aestivum. Singh S, Kirkwood RC, Marshall G. Effect of ABT on the activity and rate of degradation of isoproturon in susceptible and resistant biotypes of Phalaris minor and in wheat. Guarda G, Padovan S, Delogu G. Grain yield, nitrogen-use efficiency and baking quality of old and modern Italian bread-wheat cultivars grown at different nitrogen levels. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 might be a profitable approach to achieve optimal yield of wheat by causing the maximum suppression of these tested weeds. Vandoorne B, Mathieu AS, van den Ende W, Vergauwen R, Prilleux C, Javaux M, et al. Crop Prot. Rueda Ayala V, Rasmussen J, Gerhards R, Fournaise NE. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 produced tallest wheat plants, whereas, minimum plant height (79.5 cm) was recorded with isoproturon at 105 g a.i. Seed biopriming with drought tolerant isolates of, Singh S, Kirkwood RC, Marshall G. Effect of ABT on the activity and rate of degradation of isoproturon in susceptible and resistant biotypes of, Singh R, Dhiman SEN, Rana NS, Kumar S. Efficacy of dicamba alone and in combination with isoproturon on wheat (. Comparatively, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Interaction of surfactants with plant cuticles. Maximum plant height of M. indica (63.5 cm), A. arvensis (39.5), P. minor (80.2 cm) and F. indica (57.75 cm) was recorded in weedy check. New York: McGraw Hill Book; 1997. Injury and grass control. T1 = Weedy check, T2 = Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Isoproturon {3-(4- isopropyl phenyl)-1,1- dimethyl urea} is among the important phenyl related urea group and post-emergence herbicide mainly utilized to control annual, broad leaf and grasses weeds in wheat and other cereal crops (Chhokar et al., 2008Chhokar R, Singh S, Sharma R. Herbicides for control of isoproturon-resistant Littleseed Canarygrass (Phalaris minor) in wheat. According to Rahman et al. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, isoproturon at 140 g a.i. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1993. Both adjuvants improved efficacy of isoproturon and produced higher number of grains/spike than isoproturon alone (Table 1). Water stress drastically reduces root growth and inulin yield in. Effect of post-emergence herbicide isoproturon alone and with adjuvants on fresh and dry weight of all four weeds Melilotus indica, Anagallis arvensis, Phalaris minor and Fumaria indica resulted in lowest fresh and dry weight as compared to weedy check (Table 3). carfentrazone-ethyl + isoproturon gave maximum number of spike bearing tillers (m-2) than clodinafop propargyl + bromoxynil octanovate + heptanovate ester. 2004;21:181-92. ; Rueda Ayala et al., 2011Rueda Ayala V, Rasmussen J, Gerhards R, Fournaise NE. Effect of isoproturon with and without adjuvants on stomatal conductance of all four weeds (M. indica, A. arvensis, P. minor and F. indica) resulted in lowest rate of stomatal conductance when compared with that of weedy check (Figure 4). Losses due to weeds can be managed by different approaches such as manual, mechanical, allelopathic, biological and chemical. J Agric Sci. Pak J Weed Sci Res. However, growth and yield related parameters of wheat like number of productive tillers (m-2), number of none-productive tillers (m-2), plant height (cm), number of grains/spike, 1000-grains weight (g), spike length (cm), biological yield (kg ha-1), grain yield (kg ha-1) were recorded at maturity following standard procedure. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. Bernards ML, Penner D, Michael J, Zollinger R, Rhode A, Dean SW. Imazapyr absorption and translocation in northern red oak and red maple as affected by herbicide formulation and the adjuvant methylated seed oil. Usman and Khan (2009Usman K, Khan M. Economic evaluation of weed management through tillage, herbicides and hand weeding in irrigated wheat. (2006Cheema MS, Akhtar M, Iqbal MS. Singh et al. Stay informed of issues for this journal through your RSS reader, Resumo Therefore, it is a dire need to select an appropriate dose of herbicide with suitable adjuvant that must suppress the weed growth along with optimum yield of crop. Spray solutions were prepared by adding isoproturon alone and with adjuvants in a plastic bottles containing tap water. Minimum productive and maximum non-productive tillers were recorded in weedy check. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 2002. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 followed by isoproturon at 175 g a.i. In view of our findings, physiological parameters such as net photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance of all four weeds were significantly reduced to a greater extent by all herbicidal spray measured after 3, 10 and 17 days of application in comparison with weedy check. For more information, visit http://journals.cambridge.org. 2003;17(2):338-45. Some adjuvants completely alter the chemical composition of herbicide or even cover the plant surface by keeping the herbicide in-contact with plant tissue hence increase herbicide penetration and binding ability to kill the target plant without damaging actual crop (Kudsk and Streibig, 1993Kudsk P, Streibig JC. Herbicide Bioassays. After weedy check, lower doses of isoproturon with both adjuvants (Bio-enhancer + Ad-500) at 400 mL ha-1 produced highest gaseous exchange parameters after 17 days of herbicide spray that might be due to the fact that all herbicide treatments not only affected weeds but also the wheat plants at earlier stage of spray however, lower doses of isoproturon imparted less impact on wheat. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1 after 17 days of herbicide application. has reported that weeds are efficiently controlled when isoproturon is sprayed combined with surfactants. Data stated that full dose of isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Water stress drastically reduces root growth and inulin yield in Cichorium intybus (var. Moreover, maximum wheat growth and yield as well as weed control was also achieved with this treatment. Whereas, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ha-1 and isoproturon at 105 g a.i. Pestic Sci. 2010;255:47-57. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 produced minimum dry weight of 7.5, 8, 19.5 and 7.5 g of M. indica, A. arvensis, P. minor and F. indica, respectively. It publishes over 2,500 books a year for distribution in more than 200 countries. In case of A. arvensis, F. indica and P. minor, minimal stomatal conductance was recorded with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Water stress drastically reduces root growth and inulin yield in Cichorium intybus (var. 2011;48:185-90.) Hess FD, Foy CL. Bibi S, Marwat KB, Hassan G, Khan NM. p.178-98.). Gas exchange parameters were recorded using portable infrared gas analyzer (CI-340 Portable Photosynthesis System, CID Biosciences, USA) with some adjustments: mass flow rate 0.33 mol m-2 s-1, atmospheric pressure 99.5 kPa, photosynthetically active radiation at leaf surface maximum up to 1393 mol m-2 s-1, water vapor pressure at outlet of leaf chamber ranged from 1.7-2.4 kPa and ambient air temperature in leaf chamber ranged from 23-34 oC. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 was most effective treatment for control of Melilotus indica, Anagallis arvensis, Phalaris minor and Fumaria indica as it decreased the photosynthetic activity, fresh and dry biomass of these weeds. ha-1, T4 = Isoproturon at 105 g a.i. Formulation and adjuvants. As doses de herbicida foram isoproturon a 175 g i.a. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, T6 = Isoproturon at 140 g a.i. 2009;1:101-111. Maximum harvest index (51.5%) of wheat was observed with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Effect of herbicides and wheat population on control of weeds in wheat. This type of resistance could become serious and lead to the evolution of multiple resistances to herbicides of different modes of action. Multiple comparisons. Pak J Agric Sci. However, optimum dose and suitable combination of herbicide with adjuvants play a vital role in controlling weeds at an acceptable level and produce maximum crop yield. In: Strigib JC, Kudsk P, editors. T1 = Weedy check, T2 = Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Green JM, Cahill WR. In our study, gaseous exchange parameters of wheat including net photosynthesis, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance increased in weedy check than all herbicide applications after 3, 10 and 17 days of herbicidal application. Weed Technol. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer followed by that of isoproturon at 175 g a.i. sativum) independently of photosynthesis. ha-1) with Bio-enhancer 400 mL ha-1 resulted in similar number of P. minor weeds at harvest to that of full dose (175 g a.i. ha- 1, T3 = Isoproturon at 140 g a.i. The treatments were isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Weed science: Principles and practices. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1. When herbicides are applied as a tank mixture or combined with an adjuvant, they might be more efficacious and cost-effective in controlling weeds if the appropriate combinations are used (Monaco et al., 2002). Pak J Weed Sci Res. Prog Plant Prot. Check out using a credit card or bank account with. Complete dose of phosphorus and potassium and half of nitrogen was applied during seed bed preparation, while remaining nitrogen was applied at first irrigation. Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. (EN). However, lower efficacy of these herbicides has been observed in the field, although multiple resistances have yet to be confirmed. As such, it is focused on more applied aspects concerning the management of weeds. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. However, isoproturon at reduced dose (105 g a.i. WRIC Weed Science School, September 26-28. The 1000-grains weight of wheat varied significantly under various application of isoproturon with and without adjuvants (Table 2). Chhokar R, Singh S, Sharma R. Herbicides for control of isoproturon-resistant Littleseed Canarygrass (. Maximum fresh and dry weight of four weeds was observed in weedy check. Study effects of planting methods and tank mixed herbiciedes on weeds controlling and wheat yield. However, in weedy check, highest rate of photosynthesis was recorded in all weeds after 3, 10, and 17 days of herbicide spray. 2005;45:17-24.; Bernards et al., 2009Bernards ML, Penner D, Michael J, Zollinger R, Rhode A, Dean SW. Imazapyr absorption and translocation in northern red oak and red maple as affected by herbicide formulation and the adjuvant methylated seed oil. The influence of post emergence weed harrowing on selectivity, crop recovery and crop yield in different growth stages of winter wheat. Bromoxynil + MCPA at 0.49 kg a.i. Weed Res. 2010;16:89-96. Adding adjuvants allow the applicator to customize the tank formulation for each particular situation. Herbicide adjuvants. Cambridge University Press (www.cambridge.org) is the publishing division of the University of Cambridge, one of the worlds leading research institutions and winner of 81 Nobel Prizes. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. Recommended dose of nitrogen (N) from urea, phosphorus (P) from diammonium phosphate and potassium (K) from sulfate of potash was applied at the rate of 50, 34 and 25 kg/acre respectively. Therefore, identification of appropriate adjuvant for specific weed species is primarily required to maximize herbicide performance. Pak J Weed Sci Res. Herbicide efficacy is significantly decreased due to direct influence of factors like drift and surface tension, whereas it can be increased with addition of adjuvants (Adamczewski and Matysiak, 2005Adamczewski K, Matysiak R The effects and benefits of adjuvants used with sulfonyl urea herbicides. Recommended agronomic practices were kept same for each treatment. After 3, 10 and 17 days of herbicide applications, transpiration rate of wheat enhanced progressively with passage of time (Figure 1). Common weeds of wheat and their control. 2010;16:89-96.) 2008;14(3-4):111-20.). Weed Sci. 2000;23:145-200.) Select the purchase Formulation and adjuvants. 2012;11(4):791-9. Littleseed canarygrass is a major weed of winter-season crops, although it is most dominant in wheat-growing regions in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh. Prog Plant Prot. However, among all herbicidal applications, isoproturon with adjuvants decreased the net photosynthesis, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance in all four weeds (M. indica, A. arvensis, P. minor, and F. indica) after 17 days of herbicide application compared to others treatments. 2008;25:61-70. Significant reduction in above mentioned physiological parameters in all weeds was probably due to herbicide application with adjuvants that enhanced the effectiveness of herbicide and isoproturon which disturbed the activity of chlorophyll and photosystems I and II by binding to quinine binding protein D-1 in thalakoid membrane in plant and effect electron transport chain (Naseer-ud-Din et al., 2011). ha-1 with both adjuvants each at 400 mL ha-1 after 3, 10 and 17 days of herbicide treatments. Enhancing the biological activity of nicosulfuron with pH adjusters. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1, isoproturon at 140 g a.i. ), efficacy of herbicides such as bromoxynil, glyphosate and 2, 4-D with adjuvants (Allinol 810-60, MON 0818 and Oxysorbic 20) against kochia (Bassia scoparia) and Russian thistle (Salsola tragus) provided better control of weeds as compared to herbicide alone. Pak J Weed Sci Res. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 (Table 4). Vandoorne B, Mathieu AS, van den Ende W, Vergauwen R, Prilleux C, Javaux M, et al. Whereas in all herbicidal applications, lowest photosynthetic rate (7.13 mol m-2 s-1) of wheat was recorded with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Woznica Z, Idziak R. Influence of herbicide application timings, rates and adjuvant type on weed control and yield of maize grown for forage. Management factors, such zero or minimum tillage, early planting after rice harvest, and alternative herbicides provide effective control of resistant biotypes. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 2002.). ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1, T10 = Isoproturon at 105 g a.i. However, effect of isoproturon with and without adjuvants was different for minimum number of weeds at harvest (Table 4). J Exp Bot. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1, isoproturon at 105 g a.i. ha-1) without adjuvants. Weed control in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) with post emergence applications of trifloxysulfuron-sodium. 3rd ed. with primary mode of action of photosynthesis inhibition and chlorophyll lipid synthesis (Shehzad et al., 2012Shehzad MA, Maqsood M, Anwar-ul-Haq M, Niaz A. Efficacy of various herbicides against weeds in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Entre vrias prticas de manejo de plantas daninhas, o controle qumico delas considerado o mtodo mais efetivo. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 were sprayed (Table 3). Regarding grain yield, wheat responded differently to isoproturon applied with and without adjuvants (Table 2). Acta Sci Polon Agric. 2004;21:181-92. ha-1, isoproturon a 140 g i.a. 2010;24:147-52. 2006;12:53-59. However, highest values of gas exchange parameters of wheat were observed where no herbicide was sprayed. Pak J Agric Sci. Results regarding number of weeds of all four species (M. indica, A. arvensis, P. minor and F. indica) after 21 days of application of isoproturon with and without adjuvants are presented in Table 4. ), herbicide control weeds by inhibiting their photosynthesis, chlorophyll, lipid synthesis and seedling growth. Weed Technology Seed bed was prepared by cultivating the soil thrice with tractor mounted cultivator, each followed by planking. 2003;1:71-73. Improved cultivation practices are also helpful; however, no current single system is sustainable. Ann App Bio. Different post-emergence herbicides has been used to control weeds but it is documented that application of post-emergence herbicide with adjuvants was found to be more effective in controlling the weeds (Naseer-ud-Din et al., 2011). Our findings are in accordance with Ashrafi (2009Ashrafi Z. Monaco TJ, Weller SJ, Ashton FM. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1993. ha-1 as post emergence application was most effective in controlling F. indica, M. indica and R. dentatus with maximum mortality at 30 and 60 days after spray without being phytotoxic to wheat. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, T6 = Isoproturon at 140 g a.i. An appropriate adjuvant when combined efficiently can decrease the amount of herbicide applied and significantly reduces the total costs for weed control (Green, 2001; Monaco et al., 2002Monaco TJ, Weller SJ, Ashton FM. However, after 3 days of herbicidal application, minimum transpiration rate (2.32 mol m-2 s-1) was recorded with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. In case of M. indica minimum weeds (4.5) were recorded with isoproturon at 140 g a.i. Pak J Agric Sci. Stomatal conductance enhanced significantly after 17 day of herbicidal spray than 3 and 10 days after spray (Figure 1). Kudsk P, Streibig JC. According to Khalil et al., (2010Khalil MF, Hassan G, Hussain Z, Shah NH, Khan MM. To increase the growth and yield of wheat, it is important to apply herbicides at optimum rate and right time while maintaining weed control at an acceptable level and also protecting crop from herbicide injury. Surfactants affect herbicides on kochia (. However, minimum grain yield (2285.7 kg ha-1) was recorded in weedy check followed by that of isoproturon at 140 g and 105 g a.i. Woodland: 2001. However, similar biological yield was recorded with isoproturon at 140 g a.i. 2011;48:185-90.). ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1, T9 = Isoproturon at 140 g a.i. (English), https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582020380100024, This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, Effect of Isoproturon With and Without Adjuvants on Photosynthetic Attributes of Wheat and Its Associated Weeds. Number of grains/spike, spike length, 1000-grains weight and grain yield was enhanced by application of isoproturon with and without adjuvants not only due to more availability of nutrients but also increased transportation of photosynthates, protein synthesis from source to sink. ha-1, 140 g a.i. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, T6 = Isoproturon at 140 g a.i. Harbour JD, Messersmith CG, Ramsdale BK. The isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Growth parameters such as plant height and biological yield were increased with herbicide application because of low competition between weeds and wheat plants for nutrients, light, space and water that enhance nutrient use efficiency of wheat plants. A field study was conducted to investigate the effect of post-emergence herbicide isoproturon alone or with combination of adjuvants on winter wheat and its associated weeds. J ASTM Int. Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan. ha-1) along with Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 gave similar harvest index (Table 2). Kieloch R, Domaradzki K. The abiotic factors affecting the effectiveness of herbicides. No caso do trigo, os maiores perfilhos produtivos, altura da planta, peso de mil gros e rendimento biolgico e de gros foram obtidos com isoproturon a 175 g i.a. Cambridge University Press is committed by its charter to disseminate knowledge as widely as possible across the globe. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 (Table 2).
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