Moniruzzaman M, Maniruzzaman M, Gafur MA, Santu C. Ladys finger Fibres for possible use as a reinforcement in composite materials. According to the suggestions of other authors, the operation conditions used during soda-anthraquinone cooking of okra were selected, as follows: maximum temperature 165C0, time to maximum temperature 60min, time at temperature 120min, anthraquinone concentration 0.1% and liquid/okra stalks ratio was 5. 0 `S@=8d. The fibers from the two okra stalks studied (core and bark) were in the range of hardwood fibers, with short fiber length, especially the core (0.66mm) as shown in (Table2), with more or less moderate walls, narrow lumen and fiber width. Conference on Pulp and Paper Development in Africa and Near East, vol. Tarig Osman Khider. on the other hand rejects were increased to 7% when 15% NaOH was applied with very low screened yield 19%.The pulps produced from okra soda-AQ are suitable for production of printing and writing papers and it is advisable to use them in blending due to good papermaking properties. The pulping trials with soda- Anthraquinone (AQ,) at different chemical charges. Terms and Conditions, The pulps produced are suitable for production of printing and writing papers. Conditioning of testing atmosphere (TAPPI-402-sp-98), Burst strength (TAPPI-403om-97), Tensile (TAPP-404-cm-92), tearing resistance (TAPPI-414 om-98), folding endurance (TAPPI-423cm-98) and density (TAPPI258-om-02) and ISO standards [24]. Shakhes J, Zeinaly F, Marandi M, Saghafi T. The effect of processing variables on the soda and soda-AQ pulping of kenaf bast fibers. North Americas first modern wheat straw pulp mill has been completed and a new low impact mill is being constructed in China, with plans underway for several other mills around the world. The hemicelluloses being amorphous and adhesive in nature tend to hornify as the fiber shrinks and dries. Bioref. The brightness for the three cooks were more or less the same. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); PayShepherd, a company that automates contractor billing, has secured $3 million USD in funding. Springer Nature. You can change your mind at any time by clicking the unsubscribe link in the footer of any email you receive from us, or by contacting us at [emailprotected] We will treat your information with respect. Google Scholar. The amount of ash and silica content showed that ash composed of a high proportion of inorganic components other than silica. As Obolenskaya, [21] mentioned that the kurschner-Hoffer values are usually 4-7% higher than alfa-cellulose. 1982;36:5564. 2010;18:108491. Both two types of fibers could be classified in third group of Istas Classification [28], characteristic for fibers with fairly thick walls and rather narrow lumen. A high hot water soluble content also indicated a higher accessibility of the cell wall components to pulping liquor. Application of soda-AQ pulping to agricultural waste (okra stalks) from Sudan. 1999;9:2,17984. This leftover straw is known as agricultural residue. 2009;3:15. Roy A, Shrivastava SL, Mandal SM. However at lowest alkali dose 15% NaOH, highest kappa number (29.6), and lowest viscosity 1010mlg1. The use of okra derived cellulose biomass for the removal and recovery of cd and Pb ions from the aqueous environment. Abelmoschus esculentus okra as whole stalks was examined for its suitability for pulp and paper production. The soda-AQ cooking suitable for pulping non-woody plants and agricultural residues from economic and environmental points of views [17, 18]. Horn, R. (1978) .Morphology of Pulp Fiber from Hardwoods and Influence on Paper Strength. An Overview on Okara (Abelmoschus esculentus) and its importance as Nutritive Vegetable in the World. 2010;44(78):23948. Google Scholar. 2013;50(3):38792. 1982;36:4351. Article The reHARVEST natural kraft paper met typical bag strength tests and has been successfully converted and printed in trials. BMC Chemical Engineering ISO standards 2003. International Organization for Standardization. This clearly showed by Runkel index and flexibility coefficient. PubMedGoogle Scholar. The bags are a bright golden colour with no fibre bleaching, which the mill says is a unique attribute of straw fibre. 2012;2(5):117. Burst and tear strengths are highly correlated to a high proportion of hemicelluloses [30, 31]. The chemical charges for all cooks at different active alkali levels were calculated as NaOH on oven dry raw material. Please confirm that would like to hear from us by email: SURVIVAL Canopys Next Generation Action Plan. Okra Fiber dimension evaluation done after maceration with a mixture of 30% hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid (1:1) for core and bark parts separately and was carried out under microscope staining with aqueous safranin. Soda-AQ cooking is suitable methods for pulping the agricultural residues. Mater Sci Eng. Franklin AM, Suzuki, A and Hongu, N. (2015). 3), thus screened yield increase with increase of chemical dose applied with the rejects decrease, during cooking with alkali charge 21% as NaOH it seemed no or negligible amount of reject whereas during 15% NaoH trial about 7% rejects with lower degree of delignification (kappa number 29.6). The prepared raw materials were packed in plastic bags and transported by bus to National Centre for Research (NCR) in Khartoum state. The lumen width of the bark (9.3m) indicated that these fibers should collapse easily upon beating, resulting in improved interfibre bonding in the pulp and producing compact and low porosity sheet. Okra is important food supplement in tropical regions and has nutritional and medicinal values, it is used traditionally in treating diseases as diabetes, pyretic syndrome, and spasmodic [7,8,9,10,11]. Practitcheshie Raboti po Himii Drevesinii Tzellulozi. The present study focused in evaluation the characteristics of Sudanese Abelmoschus esculentus okra stalks in terms of fiber morphological properties, chemical composition, Soda-AQ pulping and papermaking characteristics and therefore indicate their suitability for paper pulp production. statement and 2002;36(34):3536. The high tensile strength, which mainly based on the good bonding ability of the fibers, results from high pentosans content due to the high stability of xylan and cellulose in the outer cell wall layers. Trabzon: KTU Faculty of Forest Press, No: 86; 2006. Part of Screened yield and rejects of Abelmoschus esculentus okra stalks versus chemical charge% as NaOH. Chemical, morphological, and technological properties of cultivated Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) fibers. Pulp & Paper Canadas Summer 2022 digital edition is now online! Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Ind Crop Prod. Canopy will use the information you provide to keep in touch by sending you periodic email updates. et al. 2016;2(3):3941. With so many states, like Oregon, working to reduce the use of plastic bags, we are excited to be able to offer a more sustainable choice in paper and packaging, says Phil Harding, director of technology and sustainability at Willamette Falls Paper Company. In paper production the primary role of hemicelluloses is to imbibe water and thus to contribute to fiber swelling. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42480-019-0005-9, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s42480-019-0005-9. The dominating source of darkening, however is definitely the condensed and degraded lignin. Non woody plants and agricultural residues as flax, cotton, bamboo and cereal straw were used extensively in pulp and paper production. Otherwise, over-proportional degradation and dissolution of hemicelluloses and cellulose might take place, resulting in reduced yield and viscosity. Prepared hand sheet from pulp of Abelmoschus esculentus okra stalks for physical properties evaluation. Int J Pharm Biol Sci. The screened yield and rejects were indicated in (Fig. Production of paper pulps in good paper properties with low lignin content (kappa number) and improved viscosity could be expected. J Clean Prod. J Biobased Mater Bioenergy. The highest viscosity was for 21% soda-AQ which reflected positively for all strength properties especially at high degree of freeness except for tear resistance. The high silica content causes difficulties in the regeneration of chemical pulping, but might be beneficial in total chlorine free (TCF) bleaching where sometimes silicates are added for stabilization of cellulose. Plant Science Today. The cellulose (Kurschner-Hoffer) was (48.5%) The lignin content was (15.3%) which was relatively moderate. Cellul Chem Technol. The University of Arizona cooperative Extension14. Fiber dimension evaluation done after maceration with a mixture of 30% hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid (1:1) for core and bark parts separately and was carried out microscopically at 300x and 400x magnifications according to (TAPPI-232cm-01) after staining with aqueous safranin [20, 21]. 2011;6(4):462639. The rejects were increased to 7% during application of 15% NaOH with high Kappa number 29.6 and viscosity 1010mlg1. Characterization and evaluation of okra fibre (abelmoschus esculentus) as a pulping raw material. Representative sample of a portion prepared chips for pulping trails was ground in a star mill and the 40X60 mesh fraction was used for chemical analysis according to TAPPI standards and Obolenskaya [23]. Farmers, in consultation with agronomists and soil scientists with specific regional knowledge, can determine the amount of straw residue that must be left on the land and that which could be accessed for commercial purposes in a manner that does not undermine soil quality, including soil carbon storage. Atik C. Soda-AQ pulping of Okra stalks. All the conditions were constant except for soda concentration as (NaOH, 15-21% on oven dry weight of okra stalks) for optimization of cooking and the concentration of alkali was the most effective variable. However the silica content was rather high (1.6%) so there is some problems during cooking. By clicking below to subscribe, you acknowledge that your information will be transferred to MailChimp for processing. More mill ventures are hot on their heels as investment begins to see the opportunity. Cellul Chem Technol. http://cals.arizona.edu/yavapai/anr/hort/byg/. BMC Chem Eng 1, 6 (2019). OkraA Versatile Vegetable Crop. Willamette Falls Paper Company, a non-integrated mill in West Linn, Oregon, has added a new natural kraft paper grade to its reHARVEST family of products. Vol. A comparable study on the hot-water treatment of wheat straw and okra stalk prior to delignification biomass conv. Its, fiber dimensions, morphological and chemical characteristics were reported. Rydholm SA. Although there is still controversy in accepting morphological data in predicting the properties of the pulp, the multi-regression technique seems undoubtedly valuable in showing which morphological characters are important in the pulp properties. The silica content was comparatively high as usual for such non-woody raw material. (In Russian). Khristova P, Bentcheva S, Khider T. Soda-AQ pulping of four acacias from Sudan. For more information about our privacy policy please click here. Lab. Leaves and steams were separated manually, and then stalks were chopped into 2-4cm length. Obolenskaya AV, V P, Tshegolov GI, Akim NC, Kossoviz NL, Emelyannova IZ. Rahman M, Jahan MS, Rahman MM. By subscribing, you agree that we may process your information in accordance with these terms. Markets are hungry for environmentally preferable options. Duman MN, Kocak E, Merdan DN, Mistik I. Nonwoven production from agricultural okra wastes and investigation of their thermal conductivities. The results of soda-AQ cooking of okra with 15-21% NaOH showed in Table4. Gierer J. All cooking conditions were kept constant (the pulping variables time to reach maximum temperature, time at maximum temperature, maximum temperature, the concentration of AQ on oven dry okra stalks and Liquor to okra stalks ratio, as shown in (Table1) with chemical charges as NaOH were varied between 15 to 21%. Holzforschung. TAPPI test methods TAPPI press, Atlanta. Due to adverse effect of the large amount of fines produced, all soda-AQ had low initial brightness since alkali treatment induces darkening of the pulp as shown in (Fig. It is well known that tensile strength, burst and double folds increase with increase in freeness level, this clearly reflected during application of freeness 25 and 50. Physical properties of Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra plant). Khristova P, Bentcheva S, Karar I. Soda-AQ pulp blends from kenaf and sunflower stalks. Correspondence to Package Containers, Inc. is the converter for the reHARVEST paper into the paper bag line. Chimia Lemnului din R.P.R. The family of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is Malvaceae, okra is one of the oldest cultivated crops, it was recorded by the Egyptians in 1216A.D., however there was strong evidence, okra was cultivated earlier than that in Ethiopia, some other reports considered India as center of origin [3,4,5,6].The estimated annual production in the world was about 4.8 million tons; and the share of India (4.528 million tons), Nigeria (0.826 million tons), Sudan (0.249 million tons), Pakistan (0.116 million tons), Cote dIviore (0.115 million tons), Egypt (0.100 million tons) and Iraq (0.153 million tons) [7]. HortTechnology. Natural kraft paper uses include flexible packaging applications such as paper bags, pouches and poly-coating basestocks. As part of its Second Harvest campaign, Canopy has undertaken market surveys and paper trials. Thus hemicelluloses serve as a matrix binding substance between fibers in a pulp. Azizi M, Ainun Z, Rushdan I. 2021 Safest Mill in Canada winners announced, PayShepherd secures $3 million USD in funding to refresh contractor billing systems. Stalk fiber of okra is characterized by high lignin, low -cellulose, and shorter fiber length, while bast fiber is characterized by low lignin, high -cellulose, and longer fiber length [12] the pulps obtained from okra stalks is good enough [13] with a high carbohydrates content (65.0%), low lignin contents (20.5%) and similar to chemical components of non-woody plants indicating okra stalks as promising source for papermaking utilization, in addition to that okra fibers can be applied as reinforcement in polymer composites [14,15,16]. The swelling pressure contributes to loosening of the structure and fibrillation. The ash content was rather high whereas the silica content was comparatively high The hot water extractives from okra stalks was (4.1%), cold water (0.4) ethanol/ cyclohexane (1.1), ethanol extractives (1.2%) and 1% NaOH (27.6%) were rather high. `/Qru]g,/ZixKZfDK>cY3Lj#$?S)oUwWy3UY0- Y8"CaR}>wLu#8ib]3%}G>u%b%A1{A;8=v ELkeEyBGy$c0pauDkr+`GUb#7 a'Gih0n9.`:svk North Americas vast agricultural heartlands are untapped sources of paper fibre. The high hemicellulose content also improved the beating [25, 29]. volume1, Articlenumber:6 (2019) Rodriguiz A, Sanchez R, Requejo A, Ferrer. http://ow.ly/etEA50JoiJG Chem Sci Trans. The combination of low yield but good papermaking properties suggested that okra pulps could be used in blends with the short-fibered hardwood pulps. New York: Interscience; 1965. p. 1289. Good viscosity, kappa number when high chemical charge applied (21%). The length of stalks was 2. http://ow.ly/Rj7450Jrwk4 Functional properties of Okra Abelmoschus esculentus L (Moench): traditional claims and scientific evidences. Okoro IA, Amadi OK. Commercial production of the natural kraft grades is estimated to start at the end of January. Istas JR. Every year millions of tons of agricultural residue, like wheat and flax straw, go unused while our Ancient and Endangered Forests are logged to make more paper. Holzforschung. Decreasing this alkali charge to 18% gave screened yield 28% with very low rejects 1.5% kappa number 27.8 and viscosity 1045mlg-1. Moscow, Lesporm; 1965. Also in the report, the company's environmental and economic impacts. The natural kraft paper is FDA compliant and will be available in 30# to 70# basis weights (49 to 114 GSM). >{
X;[ enWG0XRw]w[7)}eF3pb.%CsYdp0\_R6kQyN]Z!L:,t? The presence of water-soluble hemicelluloses in pulp fibers increases their swelling tendency and water absorption during beating as indicated by relatively high pentosans content (19.3%). 2012;1(3):6837. The Fall 2021 digital edition of P&PC is available now! Application of 21% as NaOH with 0.1% AQ gave good results in degree of delignification, mechanical properties. Singha P, Chauhana V, Tiwaria BK, Chauhan SS, Simonb S, Bilalc S, Abidia AB. Use of 0.1% Anthraquinone (AQ) enhanced the delignification in the three trials. The okra stalks has multiple purposes and could be promising raw material for pulp and paper production as agricultural waste. Box 1606, Khartoum, Sudan, Cellulose Chemistry and Technology Research Unit, National Centre of Research, Khartoum, Sudan, Osman Taha Elzaki,Salaheldin Dafalla Mohieldin&Suhair Kamal Shomeina, You can also search for this author in According to Gierer [26, 27] the intermediate formation of quinonemethide is preceded by the cleavage of -ether aryl-ether bonds. The screened yield of 32.2% was achieved with negligible amount of rejects, at bleachable Kappa number 22.2 and viscosity 1065mlg1 during application of high alkali charge 21% as NaOH. The Soda-AQ cooks at different active alkali levels were calculated as NaOH on oven dry raw material. https://doi.org/10.7598/cst2012.185. However okra Abelmoschus esculentus stalks could be one of promising non woody plants in paper production [1, 2]. 2014;1(3):12130 https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2014.1.3.63. Canopy has advocated for this solution for over a decade and a half. Pulping was carried out in 7l electrically heated digester with forced liquor circulation. Lamont WJ. Willamette Falls Paper has reconfigured the mill to dedicate one machine to brown grades and two machines to manufacture both high-bright coated and uncoated legacy grades. This should increase the alkali consumption and may cause some problems at waste liquor recovery [29]. Authors grateful for the Cellulose Chemistry and Technology Research Unit- National Centre for Research (NCR) Khartoum, Sudan for using of research facilities. SHO and SKS were carried out, supervised the chemical analysis, soda-AQ pulping and revised the draft manuscript. The mill has a long-term goal of developing natural kraft grades with up to 100 per cent straw fibre.. 5-3 m tall and 2-2.5cm in diameter. For our office addresses and phone numbers, please visit our Contact Us page. Ullah, S. Kilpelainen, P. Ilvesniem, H. Pakkanen, H. and Alen, R. Chemical Characterization of Okra stalk (Abelmoschus esculentus) as Potential Raw Material for Bio -refinery Utilization. Report, Madison. The core had lower fiber dimensions and inferior morphological indices, indicating the bark as better pulpable material. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. This leads to internal lubrication of the fiber and improves its flexibility and ease of beating. Evaluation of general characteristics of okra stalks in terms of fiber dimensions morphological indices, chemical components, Soda-AQ cooking and to study their suitability for paper production. Northern Pulp cleaning equipment ahead of indefinite Jan. 31 shutdown, Paper producer Pixelle Specialty Solutions appoints new CEO. We have already included most of data in the manuscript, the lab and data, some data not included in the manuscript attached as Additional file 1. 2018;8:413 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-018-0306-x. Nevertheless, too high alkali concentrations must be avoided especially at the end of the cooking procedure. Shahid MR, Amjad M, Ziaf K, Jahangir MM, Ahmad S, Iqbal Q, Nawaz A. BioResources. Chips were left for air drying according to TAPPI standard (T 257-cm- 02) [19]. BioRessources. The cellulose (Kurschner-Hoffer) was (48.5%) which meant good pulp yields at suitable alkali utilization. OTE did the fibers dimensions and their analysis, review the draft manuscript, SDM supervised and carried out the evaluation of paper properties and revised the draft manuscript. The hot water extractives from okra stalks was (4.1%), cold water (0.4) ethanol/ cyclohexane (1.1), ethanol extractives (1.2%) and 1% NaOH (27.6%) were rather high due to the presence of many soluble polysaccharides and phenolic compounds. Pulp from Congolese fibrous raw materials. J Food Process Technol. Utar. Jimenez L, Rodriguez A, Perez A, Sarrano L. Alternative raw material and pulping process using clean technologies. On the other hand they are an indication of easy access and degradation of the cell wall materials by weak alkali. By using this website, you agree to our All authors read and approved the final manuscript. The strength properties of three trails pulps (Table 4) indicated in general the slight difference in strength properties with relatively higher of 21% soda-AQ pulp properties. In large areas in Asia and Africa, these stalks are burned and treated as waste. Privacy Growth, yield and seed production of okra as influenced by different growth regulators. The chemical composition of okra gave indication of suitability of soda-AQ cooking for these agricultural residues. 17th world textile conference AUTEX 2017- textiles - shaping the future. Article Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Rome: Cario, FAO; 1965. p. 34781. This should result in moderate cooking chemical charges and a short cooking cycle. 2). Making paper out of agricultural residues such as straw waste is a smart way to alleviate pressure on forest ecosystems and provide sustainable business solutions. Application of soda-AQ pulping to agricultural waste (okra stalks) from Sudan, https://doi.org/10.1186/s42480-019-0005-9, http://cals.arizona.edu/yavapai/anr/hort/byg/, https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7110.1000458, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-018-0306-x, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. The pulp was then beaten in Valley beater according to TAPPI-200-sp-01 freeness of pulp (Canadian standard method TAPPI 227om-99), Kappa number (TAPPI-236 om-99), viscosity (TAPPI-230om 99), physical testing of pulp sheets (TAPPI-220-sp-01). New pulping technology has been developed in response. Cookies policy. Tong PS. There is seldom literature on pulping of okra stalks and rational utilization is highly needed. The lignin content was (15.3%) which was relatively moderate. 1) stalks were selected randomly according to TAPPI Standards [19] from Marenjan area in Gezira state, central Sudan is characterized with clay soil with low to moderate annual rainfall. Simionescu, C. Grigorash, M. and Cerantescu-Asandei, A. The use of soda-AQ pulping accelerated the delignification and beating rate, increased yield and viscosity and gave pulp with superior properties and highest alkali charge. Pulping Processes. #pulpandpaperindustry #workforcemanagement, We are pleased to recognize Kudzanai Nyamayaro, PhD candidate at @UBC, for his advanced research in making use of bioderived (forest-based) and biodegradable polymers in new and innovative ways to stimulate a lower-carbon economy: https://www.fpac.ca/posts/two-recipients-named-for-national-forestry-innovation-awards #WorldEnvironmentDay, We are proud to congratulate Anupama Sharan, PhD candidate at University of Toronto, for her innovative research in the field of forestry, strengthening Canadas position as a leader in sustainable forestry and environmental research: https://www.fpac.ca/posts/two-recipients-named-for-national-forestry-innovation-awards #WorldEnvironmentDay, Paper Excellence released its second #sustainability report with a focus on building relationships. 2017;254. Okra fruits is important vegetable but its stalks is burned in tropical and suptropical areas. Receive news, important updates about our work, and ways to take action. Cellul Chem Technol. CAS The lab work done by students Rashid Hamid Edris, Hadiel Ibrahim Ahmed and Fakhreldin Alfadil Rahmatallah. The pulping is done at a recently commissioned wheat straw pulping plant that generates zero effluent and zero solid waste. TAPPI 2002. Learn about how we conserve the worlds forests and stabilize our climate. Due to relatively low screened yield and good papermaking properties, it is advisable to blend these pulps with other high yield pulps. University of Bahri, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Khartoum, Sudan, Industries Department, College of Applied and Industrial Sciences, University of Bahri Sudan, P.O. Initially, Willamette Falls Paper will be producing natural kraft paper using a minimum of 30 per cent agricultural fibres in this case, wheat straw. Rodriguez A, Sanchez R, Eugenio M, Jimenez L. Soda- Anthraquinone pulping of residues from oil palm industry.
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